Easy and Fun February Writing Prompts

February can be a tough month for many students with very few if any days off. Many school districts across the nation do not take Presidents Day off. Following is a list of themes and writing prompts for each day of February. These can be used any way you see fit in your class. They are great as warm-ups or journal entries. February Holidays American Heart MonthBlack History MonthChildrens Dental Health MonthInternational Friendship MonthResponsible Pet Owners Month Writing Prompt Ideas for February February 1 - Theme: National Freedom DayOn this day in 1865, Abraham Lincoln signed the Amendment that would outlaw slavery once it was ratified. If slavery was outlawed with the 13th amendment, why were amendments 14 and 15 needed?February 2 - Theme: Groundhog DayAccording to weather data kept since 1887, the groundhog at Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania has only been accurate 39% of the time. Why do Americans still celebrate this day even though its accuracy is so low?February 3 - Theme: Elmos Birthday (Sesame Street Character)What was your favorite television program as a small child? Which characters do you remember most? Why?February 4 - Theme: Rosa Parks BirthdayPretend you were Rosa Parks in 1955. What would you have felt like as you decided not to give up your seat to a white man?February 5 - Theme: National Weatherpersons DayMeteorology is the study of the atmosphere, especially as it relates to the weather. Do you think that being a weatherperson would be a difficult job? Why or why not?February 6 - Theme: Monopoly First SoldWhat is your favorite board game? Explain why you like it.February 7 - Theme: Charles Dickens BirthdayIn the past, individuals who did not have the money to pay their bills were thrown in debtors prison, a theme which is key in many of Charles Dickens novels. Do you think that this is an appropriate punishment for not being able to pay off your bills? Why or why not?February 8 - Theme: Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts (Officially Boy Scout Day)Were or are you a boy or girl scout? If so, what did you think of your experiences as a scout? If not, do you wish that you had participated in the scouts? Why or why not?February 9 - Theme: Chocolate (Founding of Hersheys Chocolate)Describe your favorite candy bar. You can choose to do this as prose or as poetry.February 10 - Theme: Chinese New YearIn the western calendar, a leap day happens every four years. However, in the Chinese calendar, a leap month happens about every three years. Come up with a nd explain at least three issues that might arise if the west decided to use this calendar instead of the one that is currently use.February 11 - Theme: National Inventors DayHave you ever come up with an idea for an invention? If so, describe it. If not, what do you think is the best invention of the 20th century.February 12 - Theme: Abraham Lincolns BirthdayAbraham Lincoln said, Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be. What do you think he meant by that quote? Do you think its true?February 13 - Theme: International Friendship MonthDo you have any friends that live in another country? If so, explain how you became friends. If not, if you were to become a penpal with someone from a foreign country, which country would you choose? Why?February 14 - Theme: Valentines DayWho do you care about the most? Why do you care for them so much? Explain.February 15 - Theme: Susan B. Anthonys BirthdayAt the time that womens suffrage passed, there were many women who argued agai nst giving women the right to vote. Why do you think this was?February 16 - Theme: American Heart MonthWhat do you do to lead a healthy lifestyle? What do you think you could improve on (e.g., eat better, exercise more, etc.)?February 17 - Theme: Random Acts of Kindness DayHave you ever performed a random act of kindness? If so, explain what you did and why. If not, come up with a random act that you can perform later today and explain your plan.February 18 - Theme: Pluto DiscoveredWould you ever consider going on a trip to the moon? Why or why not?February 19 - Theme: Phonograph was PatentedHow do you buy and listen to music today? How does this differ from the way your parents did it? In your opinion, how have these changes affected music and the music industry?February 20 - Theme: Responsible Pet Owners MonthDo you or does your family own a pet? If so what type of pet is it? What are the pros and cons of owning a pet?February 21 - Theme: Washington Monument DedicatedHave you ever been to Washington, D.C.? Why do you think that the nation has created monuments like the Washington Monument or the Jefferson Memorial? Do you think they are important symbols? Why or why not?February 22 - Theme: George Washingtons BirthdayThe story that George Washington could not lie when asked if he cut down a cherry tree is not true. It was written after his death. Explain why you think a biography might create a story like this when writing about someone famous who they admire.February 23 - Theme: Iwo Jima DayDo you think that you would like to join the military at some point in the future? Why or why not?February 24 - Theme: Andrew Johnsons ImpeachmentTwo presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. However, no president has actually been removed from office. It only takes a simple majority of the House of Representatives to be impeached (or basically found guilty of a crime). However, it takes 2/3 of the Senate to remove a president from office. Explain why you think the founding fathers made this so difficult?February 25 - Theme: Paper CurrencyWhat are the pros and cons of having paper currency instead of carrying around coins made of gold, silver, or some other precious metal?February 26 - Theme: Grand Canyon EstablishedWhy is it important for the national government to protect and manage natural treasures such as the Grand Canyon?February 27 - Theme: National Strawberry DayWhat is your favorite fruit? What do you like about it? If you do not like any fruit, explain why not.February 28 - Theme: Republican Party FoundedWhich political party do you think represents your views the most? Why do you think this is so?February 29 - Theme: Leap DayExplain how a person could logically claim that they have only had 8 birthdays when they are actually 32 years old.

Individual Differences Affecting Caffeine Intake Essays

Individual differences affecting caffeine intake. Analysis of consumption behaviours for different times of day and caffeine sources The purpose of this study was to research different personalities, and how they affect caffeine intake. Regular consumption was predicted by gender, age, nicotine use, and types of personality traits. Consistent caffeine consumption would has been known to impair sleep and enhance anxiety, and if over-consumed it becomes chronic it could cause dependency, and or worsen psychological symptoms, (Juliano et al., 2011, Ogawa and Ueki, 2007 and Rihs et al., 1996). Caffeine can, however, cause positive effects in cognitive areas: it improve alertness, decrease fatigue, enhance executions of basic tasks that require†¦show more content†¦Robust correlation analyses revealed that smoking showed medium positive associations with caffeine intake (entire day: r = .40, morning: r = .34, afternoon: r = .30, evening/night: r = .28). As concerns personality traits, in line with previous findings (Gurpegui et al., 2007, Jones and Lejuez, 2005 and Waldeck and Miller, 1997), we found that both sensation seeking and impulsivity were significantly associated to caffeine intake, people scoring high in these traits showing higher amount of caffeine consumption. Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry Caffeine is the most commonly used legal substance in the world (Nehlig, 1999). Since many caffeinated drinks are marketed directly to children (Bramstedt, 2007) and caffeine consumption is increasing among children (Frary et al., 2005), it’s necessary to learn the possible effects of caffeine intake in this age group. Within the past 30 there has been a 70% increase in caffeine consumption among teenagers and children. (Harnack et al., 1999). Energy drinks are marketed specifically to young adults and children with advertisements featuring extreme sports, such as rock climbing, parasailing, and BASE jumping and with phrases such as â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings† and â€Å"Excite your sense† (reviewed in Miller, 2008a). Caffeine has been added to non-traditional items such as, gum, mints, candyShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effects of Caffeine870 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Caffeine Works Cited Not Included Caffeine has played a central role in many cultures. Coffee was first discovered over 1000 years ago, and approximately 75% of Americans drink coffee on a regular basis. Despite the thousand years that have passed, there is still controversy surrounding the biological effects of coffee and its primary active ingredient, caffeine. CaffeineRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Brain Function1819 Words   |  8 PagesCaffeine is considered to be the most consumed psycho pick-me-up and is present in more than sixty plants. It is part of our everyday consumptions, such as coffee, tea, energy drinks and even chocolate even its small amount, around 90% of individuals use caffeine in one form or another. Caffeine has many similar traits with more of the bigger drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and even heroin. The thing is that caffeine uses similar biochemical mechanisms as the other drugs which in fact are knownRead MoreCorrelation Between Aerobic And Aerobic Fitness Levels1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe analysis of the results of the current study demonstrated a significant difference between mean change in pulse rate of subjects able to complete less than and greater than than 25 push ups (p 0.05). The null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternat e hypothesis (Ha) retained. This suggests a correlation between aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels in completing high intensity exercise In tests of endurance, aerobic glycolysis is the major source of energy to the body. The body requiresRead MoreDehydration842 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant ways to keep us hydrated is through the consumption of electrolytes, which are minerals and other substances that carry an electrical charge between individual cells. Electrolytes can be found in salts such as sodium, calcium, potassium, chorine, and magnesium, and exist in the blood as acids; affecting the amount of water individual cells are capable of retaining. Proper muscle and nerve functions within the body are attributed to the presence of a balanced system of sodium, potassium andRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On Brain Development2089 Words   |  9 Pages11/24/14 Effects of Caffeine on Brain Development The daily consumption and reliance on caffeine in the United States is increasing exponentially. Although many studies have demonstrated the negative effects caffeine imposes on the human body and brain development, there has been no notable decrease in society’s caffeine intake. A vast majority of the publicity that caffeine receives is based on the positive indicators that it can reduce the risks of other health factors. Caffeine is a psychostimulantRead MoreDoes Binocular Rivalry Affect Our Conscious Perceptions?2270 Words   |  10 Pagessimultaneously. Past research has indicated that some substances can affect binocular rivalry rate. In this study, we looked at the rate of binocular rivalry in undergraduate students when they had consumed either alcohol or caffeine, or were in a control group. We found that caffeine significantly sped up the rate of binocular rivalry, but that alcohol had no significant effect. This implies that substances may have an effect on perceptu al switching and provides evidence for the different conditionsRead MoreInvestigation of the Effect of Caffeine on Human Reaction Speed2353 Words   |  9 Pagesof Caffeine on Human Reaction Speed Introduction This lab report will be exploring whether or not human simple reaction speed is affected by the consumption of around 130ml of a caffeinated beverage. This report will also assess whether or not there is any correlation between regular caffeine consumers, and a change in reaction time. This experiment, even though had ought to produce inaccurate data due to the lack of control variables, proved to be worthwhile as the consumption of caffeine is extensiveRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Fibromyalgia And Diet2669 Words   |  11 Pagesin our ever adapting world has largely impacted the way we eat as well as live our daily lives, this contributes to the increasing rate of chronic diseases affecting all countries. Causing immense burden on the patient and family, chronic diseases are the main cause of deaths worldwide. Improvements in diet as well as the fitness of an individual can contribute in massive proportions to the decrease in such scenarios. Studies have indicated the treat ment effectiveness of any medical condition is improvedRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Nicotine1500 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease to weight control . The chemical’s empirical formula, C10Hl4N2 was determined in the 1840’s, and â€Å"nicotine† was synthesized in the 1890’s. Nicotine’s systematic name is 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine. Together with caffeine and strychnine, nicotine belongs to a group of chemical compounds called pyrrolidine alkaloids. They’re bitter-tasting, often poisonous substances that are made by plants to discourage animals from eating them. Nicotine is a liquid alkaloid whichRead MoreThe Effect Of Caffeine On The Growth Of Bacteria Of The Digestive System5628 Words   |  23 PagesBiology HL How Does the Presence of Caffeine Affect the Growth of Bacteria of the Digestive System? Student Name: Bixiang (Sean) Cheng Session Number: 000537-0010 Supervisor: Ms Julie Cavell Word Count: 4000 â€Æ' Abstract Caffeine is the most widely consumed legal psychoactive drug across the world. It is widely used to ward off fatigue and increase focus. Although it is considered to be a harmless substance, and sometimes beneficial, it has been shown that caffeine has antibiotic properties against

Gender Biasness in School-Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Gender Biasness in School. Answer: Introduction With the change of gender norms, a change in the society is taking place gradually. The families and the communities are being affected by the policies of the gender norms and its impact over the school and other institutions of the state (Hemphill, Schneider, 2013). In this scenario, a primary school teacher name Jill was quite concerned about the impact of gender norms in the schooling institutions and the ways the students of those institutions demonstrate it. Jill noticed that the gender norms are leaving negative impact on the behavior of the students (Smith Sobel, 2014; Manning Butcher, 2013). The educator also noticed that the ways the differences have been drawn between girls and boys regarding the using of book libraries and the computer rooms. Jill in the institution also observed that how students insulting a female class mate for having two parents of same gender. This was quite disrespectful for both child and her parents in this aspect (Hemphill, Schneider, 2013). By making such observations, it is important to discuss the various strategies and challenges which could address the problems of the classroom in terms of showing respect to the students and the ways children must understand and learn different skills and knowledge to make their views wider to embrace the differences (Smith Sobel, 2014). Gender norms: An issue to be addressed From the above related issue, where Jill observed some of the embracing situations where the gender gap was established in schools and educators also trying to define it in terms of dividing the activities between the boys and the girls (Carpenter, 2013; Ray, 2015). Accordingly with the change of the system of the society, the students need to understand the need by making their skills and knowledge diverse in order to understand the values and skills. In this sense, the educators are needed to play a vital role in terms of making students convinced about the ongoing situations and how they would be able to address them. Gender norms are termed as a slowly developing concept. This needs to be well explained in the classroom atmosphere to make them enlighten about the meaning of the concept and the ways they need to encourage them for the future prospects. Gender norms is an over generalized term which is considered to be only perfect if a boy or a girl tends to behave according to th e norms of the gender. Gender norms are basically based on the expectations of the society (Carpenter, 2013; London et al 2012). In this aspect, Jill also viewed the same thing where the girls are encouraged to play with toys and was pushed to the bookshelf and the boys are encouraged to learn computers. The teachers are also provoking these differences in the classroom by following the gender norms strictly. The primary teaching about the gender norms are generally started from the roots of the family. Children from their birth are presented to the world on the basis of their gender. The biasness takes a strong hold since their birth through the games, toys and also parental modeling (Dury, 2013; London et al 2012). The family teaches their children about the facts of the gender norms where the males are generally likely to incorporate them being resilient and strong. The females on the other hand, being incorporated into thinking that they are being kind and beautiful. These kings of values may hinder the opportunity and development of the childs thinking power which gradually leads to exclusion and inequality (Dury 2013). However, in the learning environment, a teachers teaching ability leaves a huge impact on the learning of the students and it also impacts the values and skills of their knowledge. After family, it is the school which comes up with suitable learning processes in order to engage the students in learning various activities and skills (Dury, 2013; Carpenter, 2013) It is the responsibility of the teachers to give support to the environment of learning which should be free from biasness in terms of implementation and teaching curriculum to the students through the mode of interactions or live examples to the classes. Therefore, the students accordingly as well able to challenge the gender inequalities look forward to give promotion to the opportunities and teachers can build an inclusive learning environment for all the students irrespective of their gender and their ability to think about the vices of the gender norms. It is actually a teacher who can build this learning environment in t he school (Dury, 2013; Carpenter, 2013). Addressing Gender gap The process or the ways in which the male and female students build the femininity and masculinity could be further divided the gender. Gender gap is regarded as vital problems in todays world where the approach made towards building the norms of education, relationship choices and also the choices based on career are subjected to the norms of the gender gap or discrimination (Legewie Diprete, 2012; Meyer, 2015). The female students are generally encouraged to take humanities or arts subject and on the other hand, the boys are being encouraged to take science and commerce as their subjects because boys have involved them into thinking critically and they have the ability to interpret thinking in a more logical manner (Winchester Browning, 2015; London et al 2012). The studies have also found that the male students from the background of the working classes have the ability to express their masculinity externally and they usually place their emphasis on their strength and powers. Ho wever these students are generally subjected to the less schooling. However, the male students having the middle class background, they are at times introvert and tend to express their behavior which is opposite of the boys who are from the rich class background (Legewie Diprete, 2012; MacNell, Driscoll Hunt, 2015). In terms of gender gap, the educators or the instructors are needed to address these kinds of disparities among the students through the practical classes properly and making them aware about the problems of the society (Legewie Diprete, 2012). Gender gap in the society is still being considered and with the roper education and understanding of the humanity by making an inclusive form of learning education for the students. Giving respect to the same sex Another most important concern about the case study is that about giving respect to the same sex couple and their families. Jill noticed that John criticized Jane for she is having two mothers. This is something serious which a school needs to take care of. With the changing of the world and the society, the thinking power of the human being is developing and this is continuously evolving with time and pace. Accordingly, a transformation mention is also coming in the views of the people (Heaphy, Smart, Einarsdottir, 2013; London et al 2012) In this respect, the school needs to come up with new education system so that the children can keep pace with the changing mode of reality in the society. The society and the family needs to teach a child about giving respect to the couple of the same gender and their family (Wilkinson Marett, 2013). An incorporation of the new curriculum needs to be done by the group of educators in order to address these problems and the students need to lear n about the changes in the community. The educator can adopt practical classes for teaching the students about how to represent them and pay respect to everyone (Heaphy, Smart, Einarsdottir, 2013).With the changes brought in the community, the relations between men and women are also being altered. It is henceforth, significant to change the ingrained belief of the people regarding the existing society and for this the students who are the backbone of a nation can develop further their scientific temper and would manage to take initiatives to change the thinking of the world (Heaphy, Smart, Einarsdottir, 2013). Role of Families Families and Parents of the students occupy an integral position in the students life. And the success of the students are depended on a more collaborative and interactive environment. Families are considered to be having a wider structure and the educators accordingly can give assistance the students in understanding the differences in the units of the family and the society (Schunk, Meece Pintrich, 2012; Barac Biyalistoc, 2012) Children start understanding the notices from their early ages. The educators by noticing these understanding of the children, both the families and the educators can come up with the strategies and guide the students to interpret these differences and also the biases in a much more suitable and healthy manner. A child needs to grow a social identity in order to get suited with the existing diversity in order to develop a good connection with others in the realm of the society (Schunk, Meece Pintrich, 2012; Barac Biyalistoc, 2012). Educators also must ta ke the responsibility in developing the language and skills of the children so that they have the capability to interpret their emotional mindset so that they can successfully address the prejudices and inequality independently. Implementation of the strategies in classroom environment The Gayby Project The Gayby project is one of the tool kits which aim for the students to welcome diverse families. This kit is specialized for the students of five to six years. The project also targets children to who are being brought up by the non- traditional families which incorporate the same sex parents, single parents and also the co parents ("Gayby Baby", 2017). The kit is helpful for the educators to develop strategies in order to give support to the childrens understanding in these particular areas by having an objective of creating an inclusive discussion in the environment of the school ("Gayby Baby", 2017). The program carries an objective for introducing children to the norms of diversities of the non- traditional family through the processing of documentary name Gayby baby. This would be later followed by the interactions, role plays and also the discussions. The kit eventually includes The worksheets of the students and also the learning plans of the teacher that a teacher needs to introduce to the classes. It also includes a number of strategies and the pedagogical based approaches for making the environment of the classroom more inclusive. The kit also provides activities related to the short videos which might increase the rational thinking of the students in the classroom ("Gayby Baby", 2017). Growing ideas outside the textbooks Texts usually by nature help the students to understand the critical perspectives of life. There are certain text books even which encourage the gender stereotyping. The text books generally convince the students about the representation of the life. It was also been researched that the children are generally sensitive to the biasness of the texts and they tend to think that the views of the educators and the books are superior to them (Branon, 2016). In this modern society, the teachers in general give the students some chance to critically evaluate their thoughts and they are also being encouraged to give their opinions outside the books. This in further gives the impetus to the thinking power of the students which in turn the students grow perspectives about the topics which are under review (Branon, 2016). The students must be given the opportunity to think beyond the outlines of the textbooks and present their dialogues to the classrooms. This in turn would give the students to enhance their knowledge and skills and also at the same time would able to think beyond the topics of their interest. The teachers can guide the students accordingly so that they can able to think and response in a more appropriate manner. Creating more safer spaces Educators in order to create a perfect learning outcome in order to address the gender bias stereotype, the spaces should be created by the educators in order to give impetus to the students to participate in the discussion and make good contributions to the ongoing discussions (Roussou, 2015). It has been pointed out that acting through the process of dialogue and waging conversations is an important key to help the students in order to develop the notions and ideas through the process of telling stories, the role playing and also critically evaluating the performances. The students must also share the similar experiences with the peers to understand the depth of the experience (Roussou, 2015). The teachers must come forward and give valuable solutions to the students so that next time they can have ideas to confront any kinds of intolerable situations. The educators must also give real life examples and the examples of many good personalities to make the students stuff with the ide as about the learning environment. Curriculum The Melbourne Declaration The Melbourne declaration looks forward to promote high quality of education to the students and to form an inclusive environment where the students from the all different backgrounds are welcomed to take lesson on an appropriate subject (Curriculum.edu.au, 2017). Irrespective of gender the students must be welcomed to the classroom based on the social religious and cultural diversities (Curriculum.edu.au, 2017). Following are the approaches and strategies that are being followed by the Melbourne Declaration and they are The declaration looks forward it makes sense of their students world and accordingly how things evolved to the ways they are. A self identity has to be created to make the students aware of their spiritual wellbeing (Curriculum.edu.au, 2017). A healthy relationship is needed to be restored with each other. The presence of knowledge, skills and the understanding values must be maintained in order to satisfy the lifestyle which should be healthy in nature. The Declaration also makes emphasis upon the importance of social, cultural and linguistic diversities of Australia. The declaration also look forward to commit into the national values of the countrys democracy, decisions should be made on the ground of equity and justice and the importance of the participation in the civic life of Australia (Curriculum.edu.au, 2017). The Australian Curriculum The objectives of the Australian curriculum and it can be applied in both the Health and Physical Education (year 1 and year 2) and the humanities, social sciences (Year 1) Health and Physical education of year 1 and 2 Making contribution to the health services to notice the differences and similarities among the groups and individuals and how they should be respected The communication should be waged for the wellbeing and health standard in order to make them feel belonging (Donnelly Wiltshire 2014). Humanities and Social Sciences (Year 1) Differences in the family structure of the students need to be recognized and how these recognitions would change or remain same with the passage of time (Donnelly Wiltshire 2014). Putting Ideas into Practice Title of the tutorial Processing the world around you Objectives To understand the vices of Gender biasness The session is designed to point out the nature of the students about the gender biasness. Guide them properly in order to understand the problems of the society. Number of participants: 20 Session A session of questions and answers must be made so that the participants can answer the questions on gender biasness. The following questions are there in the link below. https://www.playbuzz.com/jamienovack10/how-gender-biased-are-you#half After the 20 participants answered the questions and now it is possible to judge about their nature of processing the world. The participants who actively participated in this test seems to accept the biasness of the gender in the society are needed to be taken care of by providing guidelines by discussing the salient points on which they answered. The questions on the gender biasness need to be discussed thoroughly and would enable the students to learn more about the changes of the society and to deal with the problems of the changing community (Meyer, 2015). Conclusion The resources provide the analytical explanation of the understanding of the students about the gender biasness and how the resources should be implemented accordingly to guide the educators in order to teach the students properly to face the challenges of the society. Educators themselves through the modification of their self learning and with the growth of the personal development can guide students in a proper way. However, before the students start studying in the primary schools, the families also at the time play an important role to guide the students in a more proper way. The students need to develop the understanding of the principles of belonging to the family units and must also understand the diversification of the family background of the students. Through the planning of the practical classes the students would be aware about the inclusive education and through the implementation of addressing the issues of gender gap, the students must learn about giving respect to ea ch others family and also at the same time the educators would not make differences in the work between boys and girls. Additional resources for the educators Daniel Koretz on Gender and Education How expectations and attitudes effect the gender gap https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZYC_tgurX4 The Gayby Project https://thegaybyproject.com/ Teaching Tolerance Classroom Activity https://www.tolerance.org/activity/girls-can-be-plumbers References Barac, R., Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual effects on cognitive and linguistic development: Role of language, cultural background, and education.Child development,83(2), 413-422. Brannon, L. (2016).Gender: psychological perspectives. Taylor Francis. Carpenter, R. C. (2013).'Innocent Women and Children': Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Curriculum.edu.au. (2017). Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://www.curriculum.edu.au/verve/_resources/National_Declaration_on_the_Educational_Goals_for_Young_Australians.pdf Donnelly, K., Wiltshire, K. (2014). Review of the Australian curriculum: Final report.Department of Education (Ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australian Government. Drury, K., Bukowski, W. M., Velsquez, A. M., Stella-Lopez, L. (2013). Victimization and gender identity in single-sex and mixed-sex schools: Examining contextual variations in pressure to conform to gender norms.Sex Roles,69(7-8), 442-454. Gayby Baby. (2017).Gayby Baby. Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://thegaybyproject.com/ Heaphy, B., Smart, C., Einarsdottir, A. (2013).Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Springer. Hemphill, S. A., Schneider, S. (2013). Excluding students from school: A re-examination from a childrens rights perspective.The International Journal of Children's Rights,21(1), 88-96. Legewie, J., DiPrete, T. A. (2012). School context and the gender gap in educational achievement.American Sociological Review,77(3), 463-485. London, B., Downey, G., Romero-Canyas, R., Rattan, A., Tyson, D. (2012). Gender-based rejection sensitivity and academic self-silencing in women.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(5), 961. MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., Hunt, A. N. (2015). Whats in a name: exposing gender bias in student ratings of teaching.Innovative Higher Education,40(4), 291-303. Manning, M. L., Bucher, K. T. (2013).Classroom management: Models, applications, and cases. Pearson. Meyer, E. J. (2015).Gender, bullying, and harassment: Strategies to end sexism and homophobia in schools. Teachers College Press. Ray, B. D. (2015). Research Facts on Homeschooling.National Home Education Research Institute. Rousso, H. (2015). Education for All: a gender and disability perspective. Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. R., Pintrich, P. R. (2012).Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Smith, G. A., Sobel, D. (2014).Place-and community-based education in schools. Routledge. Wilkinson, L. C., Marrett, C. B. (Eds.). (2013).Gender influences in classroom interaction. Academic Press. Winchester, H. P., Browning, L. (2015). Gender equality in academia: A critical reflection.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,37(3), 269-281.

Stanford Prison Experiment Research Paper Example

Stanford Prison Experiment Paper The prison Experiment conducted at Stanford University in 1971 was intended to find out what would happen if average innocent people were placed in a prison environment on both sides (inmate and guard). The experiment began with a newspaper add asking for male college aged volunteers to participate in the experiment and outlined some of the things they might endure. The large number of volunteers was reduced through a series of psychological tests to find those who appeared the most stable. The researchers anticipated some psychological effects on the participants, but the results they discovered were far more intense than they had prepared for. These overwhelming effects on even the research professionals involved led to an early end to the experiment. Procedure The experiment began with an ad in the paper asking for college aged male volunteers, who would be paid fifteen dollars per day (Zimbardo, 1999). There were more than one hundred people who responded to the ad. The large number of respondents was narrowed down through a series of psychological experiments. The group was narrowed to twenty-four young men, who were determined to be mentally stable and average. The twenty-four were divided randomly into two groups by a coin toss. Half were to be prison guards and the other half was to be prison inmates. In order to set the stage for the prison to look realistic, three rooms in the basement of one of the Stanford buildings were sectioned off and the doors were replaced with doors containing bars and cell numbers. There were no windows or clocks provided to keep the prisoners from knowing the time of day (Zimbardo, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Stanford Prison Experiment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stanford Prison Experiment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stanford Prison Experiment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both ends of the hallway were boarded off to keep the prisoners from seeing ways to escape. The head psychologist was assigned as the prison superintendent. Other researchers participated in various capacities, but the direct supervision of the prisoners was left up to the experimental guards. A person who had spent time in prison was called in to be a consultant for treatment of the prisoners to determine how close the simulation was to a real prison setting. Methods The first day of the experiment, the people selected to be inmates were arrested from their homes by real policemen and placed in real police cars. They were taken to jail for processing and were then taken to the made-up prison. Once inside the prison the guards were given free reign within reason to treat them as prisoners. There were nine prisoners in the prison unit at all times with three on-call at their homes in case a replacement was needed. Each prisoner was strip searched and de-liced and was then given a gown with no undergarments and with an inmate number printed on it. The inmates were forced to wear hats made from panty hose to simulate shaved heads (Zimbardo, 1999). The purpose of this was to start them off with a feeling of humiliation to gain control over them. They were placed three per room and with the placement of the beds in the rooms were left little room for anything besides sitting or lying on the bed. There was a small closet designated as the solitary confinement room for the prisoners deemed as trouble makers. The restroom was down the hall, which was outside of the prison area. For this reason the prisoners were blindfolded, when they went to the restroom. Any incidents of non-compliance were met with punishments ranging from in the beginning push-ups to later much harsher punishments. At the beginning of the experiment, the guards were hesitant to be strict with them. The experiment continued with priests and lawyers coming in to interview the inmates. Results The researchers had anticipated that the prisoners and the guards would have some reactions based on their assigned roles, but the results of the actual experiment were amazing even to the people who had studied it. The people all started out to be considered relatively equal, but once they became involved in their roles personality differences became more apparent. The first day of the experiment, the inmates seemed to react in surprise to the initial treatment and complied with the directives given to them throughout the day. The second day, the prisoners began the day with a rebellion. They barricaded the guards out by placing their beds against the doors. This was met with the guards calling for reinforcements and strict punishments including using clubs to get them back under control. Following this the guards used other methods to create mistrust among the inmates to keep them from grouping together. Some of the non-compliant prisoners were placed in solitary confinement and others were forced to go without food for a period of time. The prisoners were called by their numbers instead of their names and after only a few days began addressing themselves by their numbers. This was a way of taking away their identities. After only a few days the guards and prisoners became entangled into their roles to the extent they called lawyers at the suggestion of a priest to help get them out and they went before a parole board to find out if they could get out of prison. When parole was denied some of them became seriously depressed. They had apparently forgotten they could request to leave the experiment at any time. The parents of the inmates also requested help to get their sons out of the experiment, as if they were really in prison. Some of the guards became sadistic and would use demeaning and in some cases pornographic punishments during the night when they thought the researchers were not watching. Two of the prisoners had such a strong reaction that they became distressed to the point of violent sobbing and needed medical attention. They were both released early. After the two were released, one of the on call prisoners was brought in. He did not have the opportunity to gradually become accustomed to the conditions and treatment. He went on a hunger strike shortly after becoming part of the experiment. After all attempts to get the new inmate to eat failed, he was placed in solitary for a longer period of time than anyone was supposed to be in it. The other inmates were given the choice of leaving him in solitary all night and for some special privileges, they chose to leave him in all night. The guards did eventually let him out and he was then quite distressed. The head researcher discovered he was too involved in his role as the prison superintendent, when he rearranged everything to hide the prisoners to keep them from escaping. He realized he had lost sight of the experiment and had actually become the role he was playing. When the researchers discovered how far out of control the experiment had become, they decided to end it after just six days out of the planned two week experiment. The men were all interviewed to get their views on how they were treated and what they thought had happened. Discussion Ethically the experiment would never be allowed in current society. Even prisoners are required to have some basic rights and dignified treatment. An experiment in which innocent people, even with informed consent are treated like prisoners would never be permitted. Human experimentation in any form in which there could be danger is rarely allowed. This experiment was beneficial in helping discover the effects that the prison setting could have on innocent people. It was interesting to see how the guards became involved in the roles to the point they could not separate themselves from it. They forgot that the people they were guarding were not real prisoners. The prisoners forgot their real names and became their prisoner numbers. They became depressed and to some degree almost mentally unstable. Since these people were determined to be stable before the experiment, it is easy to see how people in prison could become depressed and even suicidal if treated the way the people in the experiment were. It was enlightening to see how if people are treated poorly and stripped of their identity, they are not likely to become better people. Although this experiment could have been permanently detrimental to people’s mental health, it was beneficial to the world of psychology by providing a glimpse of what happened to people inside an institution. It showed how people were affected when their basic human rights were stripped from them.

Stanford Prison Experiment and Authority Essay

Stanford Prison Experiment and Authority Essay Stanford Prison Experiment and Authority Essay In Milgram’s article, the Peril’s of Obedience an American psychologist teacher at Yale University firml believed that humans were naturally aggressive or only under authority. He conducted an experiment where The teacher is a genuinely naà ¯ve subject who has come to the laboratory for the experiment. The learner, or victim, is actually an actor who receives no shock at all. The point of the experiment is to see how far a person will proceed in a concrete and measurable situation in having to conduct an experiment about having authority over-rule your personal beliefs. The consequences of being shocked if answered wrong was a very compelling idea personally. His theory was very logical, were humans as obedient to authority figures as they were conceived to be? Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. Stanley Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced int o committing atrocities for example, Germans in WWII. The more you miss the higher the voltage you will be shocked with. The trick to the teacher was to be consistent memorize. The whole experiment was set-up for the teacher to see how far they would go in harming someone. Being obedient can cause many things, being tortured, being successful, and being taken advantage of. Most importantly with discipline comes obedience. For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct. The reason I don't totally agree with the author is that all these people were forced somehow to continue the process. Another reason people obey is that they have a sense of obligation to their duty. This is just the whole idea of completing the job that's given to you. Some people have a fear of being perceived as brash, or rude. In general, people want to present themselves in the best way possible. If there ha dn't been an experimenter standing behind the teachers, some of them would have stopped the research. After reading this article a couple times I missed one very important thing. My first impressions on this article was that, This experiment was a target for civilians to see how much our brain can learn in memorizing words and the effects of punishment on learning. The â€Å"learner† was not the one being studied; it was the â€Å"teacher† conducting the shocks. Was it a moral obligation that they had to continue giving higher shocks, after every wrong answer? It’s having the power of authority that makes you wanting to keep going. It’s an adrenaline most of us don’t experience, having to see someone suffer and we are in utter-control. Not only did the teacher see the learner get shocked and see them twisting and jolting from the chair, they continued with the experiment. Seeing your learner â€Å"extricating himself from this plight, the subject must make a clear break with authority†. â€Å"Her behavior is the very embodiment of what I en visioned would be true for almost all subjects.† But little did you know that some of the controller’s did worry about the subjects, continuing to a point to terminate the experiment. Also take into mind that it is easier to ignore responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of actions. Paul Graham noted in his critique of P.O.B., â€Å"Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears

Fantastic Mr Fox Quotes

'Fantastic Mr Fox' Quotes Fantastic Mr Fox is a trickster-adventure story by British author Roald Dahl. Mr. Fox is (of course) fantastic, he faces seemingly impossible odds to survive. His shenanigans become legendary as he outwits three devilish rich men in order to steal food. The book was turned into a popular movie of the same name in 2009 with George Clooney voicing the lead character. Both the book and the movie have been popular with children.   Quotes from Fantastic Mr. Fox Down in the valley, there were three farms. The owners of these farms had done well. They were rich men. They were also nasty men. All three of them were about as nasty and mean as any men you could meet.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 1Boggis and Bunce and BeanOne fat, one short, one lean.These horrible crooksSo different in looksWere nonetheless equally mean.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 1In the hole lived Mr. Fox and Mrs. Fox and their four small Foxes.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 2I can smell these goons a mile away. I can smell one from the other. Boggis gives off a filthy stink of rotten chicken-skins. Bunce reeks of goose livers, and as for Bean, the fumes of apple cider hang around him like poisonous gasses.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 3One of them shone a flashlight on the hole, and there on the ground, in the circle of light, half in and half out of the hole, lay the poor tattered blood stained remains of ... a foxs tale.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic M r. Fox, Ch. 3 It will never grow again, said Mr. Fox. I shall be tail-less for the rest of my life. He looked very glum.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 3What we need on this job... is machines... mechanical shovels. Well have him out in five minutes with mechanical shovels.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 5The machines were both black. They were murderous, brutal-looking monsters.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 5I understand what youre saying, and your comments are valuable, but Im gonna ignore your advice.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxBadger: The cuss you are.Mr. Fox: The cuss am I? Are you cussing with me?- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxI, therefore, invite you all, Mr. Fox went on, to stay here with me forever.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxForever! they cried. My goodness! How marvelous! And Rabbit said to Mrs. Rabbit, My dear, just think! Were never going to be shot again in our lives!We will make, said Mr. Fox, a little underground village, with streets and houses on each side - separate houses for Badgers and Moles and Rabbits and Weasels and Foxes. And every day I will go shopping for you all. And every day we will eat like kings.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox I think I have this thing where everybody has to think Im the greatest. And if they arent completely knocked out and dazzled and slightly intimidated by me, I dont feel good about myself.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox

The argument in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith depends on the Essay

The argument in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith depends on the possibility of failure. Why is this so What implications does this have - Essay Example The wealth of nations forms the second branch of Smith's science, and its historical sweep contains part, but only a diminutive part, of such an account. Possibly a manuscript was among the objects consigned to the flames by his literary executors. We do, nevertheless, have two sets of notes recording Smith's early Lectures on Jurisprudence; these notes provide an inadequately early and imperfect indication of what his missing branch of the science might have contained. In spite of their mistakes, these notes have significantly increased our awareness of Smith's intention to communicate an integrated science. Several problems like probability of failure have been deliberated to reside in the interstices between the three branches of Smith's science. Clearly it was at one time likely to refer to the Adam Smith problem of failure as the (challenging) relationship between the wealth of nations and the Theory of Moral Sentiments. I desire to see the limitations of his branches as giving rise to interpretive uncertainties rather than problems. As far as the state goes, the fundamental uncertainty arises from the fact that parts of the wealth of nations seem to take nations for granted (especially the introduction and plan of the work), yet national boundaries form a very strong threat to social progress throughout Smith's intellectual system: to the development of material welfare at different points in the wealth of nations and to the progress of benevolence in the Theory of Moral Sentiments. The jurisprudential constituent of Smith's science was never concluded, but his early lectures on th e subject also propose that he regarded the nation state as a transitional form: one that already needed replacement in his day. Modern preoccupations with certain matters of policy have given Smith's economic analysis and associated prescriptions renewed prominence. The psychological judgments on which The Wealth of Nations is apparently based have also attracted attention and made familiar Smith's classic statement that: It is not from the generosity of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we look forward to our dinner, but from the view to their own interest. Nobody except a beggar chooses to rely mainly upon the munificence of his fellow citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it completely. (Wealth Of Nations I. ii. 2) Economists have interpreted this statement to mean that Smith was dealing with a restricted range of human experience in The Wealth of Nations-- what Alfred Marshall was later to describe as the study of mankind 'in the ordinary business life' ( 1956, p. 12). Looked at in this way, the suggestion that men act in a self interested manner can be seen as a hypothesis which makes the task of economic analysis more manageable. Exactly this point was made by Smith's contemporary, Sir James Steuart, when be observed: 'The principle of self-interest will serve as a general key to this enquiry; and it may, in one sense, be considered as the ruling principle of

6 - 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

6 - 7 - Essay Example Strategy is done through the application of Porter’s five force model to reduce supplier power, which enables them to price their goods at a lower price than competitors in the market. One of the factors that have also helped Wal-mart is innovation and change management. With an embracement of change through creative ideas, Wal-mart is able to stay before other competitors by continually changing their strategies to fit the market. As already mentioned, using a business model based on cost leadership has also helped Wal-mart. This strategy helps them manage their suppliers and share business risks with them, thus reducing costs and ultimately the final price faced by the customer. However, despite the market leadership enjoyed, Wal-mart has continually lost customers to its competitors who have attractive prices and better convenience. This can be related to problems of managerial capability, which can be overcome by innovation. Wal-mart needs to stop focusing a lot on meeting shareholders’ needs and instead focus more on customers’

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay Example for Free

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay Aim: To investigate the substances given off at different temperatures from crude oil (petroleum) mixture. Apparatus: * Fractional Distillation glassware and thermometer * Clamp stand x 2 * Conical flask * Supply of cold water * Rubber tubes x 2 * Test tube rack * Small glass test tubes x 5 * Rubber stopper x 5 * Evaporating basin * Micro Bunsen Burner and bench mat * Wooden Splint * Stopwatch * Boiling stones * Crude Oil supply Method: 1. Set up the clamps stands and the fractionating glassware as shown in the diagram. 2. Connect the rubber tubes to the two open tubes of the condenser. 3. Connect the other end of the rubber tubing to a water tap and let the other one flow into a basin. Turn on the tap. 4. Place two boiling stones into the conical flask and then pour in the crude oil into the flask. Place the flask right above the micro-burner as shown in the diagram. 5. Heat the crude oil mixture slowly. Record at which temperature one of the compounds in the mixture evaporate, and then collect it in the small test tube after it passes through the condenser. 6. Repeat step 5 until maximum temperature has been reached and/or no more compounds evaporate. 7. Test the compounds which were collected. Light them in an evaporating basin and record the time it takes to run out. Results: Data Table of Results of Hydrocarbons tested Hydrocarbon Compound Boiling Point Range (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Colour Viscosity Pentane 36 40 Colourless Very Low Viscosity Hexane 66 69 Colourless Low Viscosity Heptane 90 94 Very slightly cloudy Viscous liquid Kerosene (Paraffin) ~ 250 Brownish black High Viscosity Conclusion: These results prove to us that firstly, crude oil being a mixture of several hydrocarbons, that the mixture provided was a simulation. Secondly, there are noticeable trends in the hydrocarbons. As the molecules gets heavier and heavier, by which I mean that we go from pentane to Hexane and so on, the viscosity of the compound increases, as well as the time taken for it to burn up completely. The boiling point also increases. These hydrocarbons belong to the first organic homologous series: Alkanes. Alkane molecules are completely saturated and each carbon atom has at least 2 hydrogen atoms attached to it. Apart from the two end carbon atoms, the other ones are attached to two other carbon atoms each. A covalent bond between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom is strong, and a bond between two carbon atoms is also strong. It therefore takes a lot of energy to overcome this bond, and hence a higher temperature and more time is needed to break these compounds apart. The more carbon atoms an alkane possesses, the more energy is needed to break it apart. This explains the increasing boiling points, and is also one of the main reasons why hydrocarbons are used as fuels. Kerosene was the only one of the four hydrocarbons which could not be heated to its boiling point and hence the temperature recorded is the one that was given to us. It did, however, last the longest when it was burned. Therefore that result coincides with the one that was given to us. Its other properties which could be verified have given us further proof of the fact that its temperature is higher than the other hydrocarbons. Also related to the viscosity, the weight of each hydrocarbon also increased as the viscosity increased. By the time kerosene was being handled, a really wide margin of difference could be felt from pentane. Evaluation: Weakness Improvement 1 The equipment available was not enough to determine the boiling point of Kerosene Get a macro burner and heat the kerosene to its boiling point 2 The difference in viscosity between the first two hydrocarbons was hard to tell Measure the poise of the two compounds and record the difference 3 The evaporating basin in which the hydrocarbons were heated was the same all throughout Use a different evaporating basin for each compounds so that the heat from the previous test does not affect the next test 4 The main mixture provided to us was not actual crude oil, simply a simulated substitute To gather all of the compounds found in crude oil use a mixture which contains all of them kind of obvious

Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay -- Richard Wright Black B

Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Most literary works centering on adolescence do not depict it as the proverbial walk through the park; a smooth transition between the naivet6 and innocence of childhood to the morality and self -awareness of adulthood is an implausibility confined to the most basic of fairy tales and weekday morning children’s television programming. When analyzed in depth, the mat uration process of a human being is depicted almost always as some sort of struggle, retaliation against the forces of oppression regardless of their forms (including social, political or religious obstacles). More importantly, the struggle of adolescence is a struggle to understand not the workings of one’s environment so much as the complexities and definitions of one’s own identity. Body hair, voice undulations, wider hips – these popular aspects of maturation pale in comparison with the development of self-awareness: the realization that one is a unique human being with the right to su rvive and live life according to personal standards. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson describes this delicate transitional period as a crisis of identity:It occurs in that per iod of the life cycle when each youth must forge for himself some central perspective and direction, some working unity, out of the effective remnants of his childhood and the hopes of his anticipated adulthood; he must detect some meaningful resemblance b etween what he has come to see in himself and what his sharpened awareness tels him others judge and expect him to be. In some young people, in some classes, at some periods in history, this crisis [of identity] wil be minimal; in other people, classes, and periods the crisis wil be clearly marked off as a critical pe... ...nt in the future can one possibly change his or her downtrodden situation, can mold, shape and tune their lives with al the freedom that comes from possessing an individual identity. Works Cited Elison, Ralph. Invisible Man . New York: Vintage, 1995. Erikson, Erik. Young Man Luther. New York: Norton, 1962. Howe, Irving. â€Å"Black Boys and Native Sons,† CriticalEssays on Richard Wright. ed. Yoshinobu Hakutani. Boston: G.K. Hal and C o., 1982. 39 -47. Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men . New York: Harper Perennial, 1990. Kinnamon, Kenneth and Michael Fabre. â€Å"How Richard Wright Looks at Black Boy,† Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993 . 63-66. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Ilinois University Press, 1969. Wright, Richard. Black Boy . New York: Perennial Classics, 1998. Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay -- Richard Wright Black B Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Most literary works centering on adolescence do not depict it as the proverbial walk through the park; a smooth transition between the naivet6 and innocence of childhood to the morality and self -awareness of adulthood is an implausibility confined to the most basic of fairy tales and weekday morning children’s television programming. When analyzed in depth, the mat uration process of a human being is depicted almost always as some sort of struggle, retaliation against the forces of oppression regardless of their forms (including social, political or religious obstacles). More importantly, the struggle of adolescence is a struggle to understand not the workings of one’s environment so much as the complexities and definitions of one’s own identity. Body hair, voice undulations, wider hips – these popular aspects of maturation pale in comparison with the development of self-awareness: the realization that one is a unique human being with the right to su rvive and live life according to personal standards. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson describes this delicate transitional period as a crisis of identity:It occurs in that per iod of the life cycle when each youth must forge for himself some central perspective and direction, some working unity, out of the effective remnants of his childhood and the hopes of his anticipated adulthood; he must detect some meaningful resemblance b etween what he has come to see in himself and what his sharpened awareness tels him others judge and expect him to be. In some young people, in some classes, at some periods in history, this crisis [of identity] wil be minimal; in other people, classes, and periods the crisis wil be clearly marked off as a critical pe... ...nt in the future can one possibly change his or her downtrodden situation, can mold, shape and tune their lives with al the freedom that comes from possessing an individual identity. Works Cited Elison, Ralph. Invisible Man . New York: Vintage, 1995. Erikson, Erik. Young Man Luther. New York: Norton, 1962. Howe, Irving. â€Å"Black Boys and Native Sons,† CriticalEssays on Richard Wright. ed. Yoshinobu Hakutani. Boston: G.K. Hal and C o., 1982. 39 -47. Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men . New York: Harper Perennial, 1990. Kinnamon, Kenneth and Michael Fabre. â€Å"How Richard Wright Looks at Black Boy,† Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993 . 63-66. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Ilinois University Press, 1969. Wright, Richard. Black Boy . New York: Perennial Classics, 1998.

Electronic Health Records Essay

Implementing a new electronic health records (EHR) system to replace manual records is an extremely complicated task. EHRs use complex algorithms to exchange patient data among different physicians and departments such as a pharmacy and laboratory. EHRs are becoming popular because employees and patients can access records anytime and anywhere. Patient drug alerts are also part of the system to warn emergency room and intensive care nurses about potential drug reactions. A needs assessment is a systematic procedure to determine what components are required for EHR implementation to prevent failure of the highly costly investment. Although EHR systems have been shown to dramatically reduce human error, proper assessment before undergoing the implementation process is critical or errors and costs could actually increase. An EHR assessment must be completed before the software packages can be selected to ensure it is conformed perfectly to the specialized needs of the hospital. According to the California Medical Association the assessment has two steps: 1.) Readiness Assessment; and 2.) Work Flow Analysis (Ginsberg et al., n.d.). The assessment should be done by a seasoned group of engineers, physicians, lab workers, billing staff, pharmacists, and nurses to collaborate so that each department increases patient safety and efficient care. The assessment should include a web-based demonstration that allows all stakeholders to identify gaps that would hinder their job responsibilities. Once the needs assessment has been done and vendors chosen as potential suppliers, the readiness assessment should begin. One of the most important data to collect is financial resources. Are more physicians going to be  hired that will increase training costs? Can the organization truly afford the upstart investment and ongoing computer support? Space considerations are also critical to evaluate because most closets are too small for the new EHR platforms that have huge servers. High-speed internet capabilities are a must for EHR data exchange between stakeholders. Moreover, are existing medical records planned to be thinned to put the data into the new system? If so, data needs to be destroyed according to HIPP protocol to protect patient confidentiality. The work flow analysis portion of the needs assessment looks at step-by-step procedures. Examples are scheduling, diagnostic tests, and reviewing tests, prescribing medication, clinical notes, and billing data (Ginsberg et al., n.d.). Other data to be analyzed for the EHR system should be medical history forms, lists of current medications vital signs, insurance, and referrals. The flow of steps in this planning process involves network upgrades, expanding server room space, a Medicare fraud plan, selection of three EHR vendors, visiting other hospitals using the systems, negotiating, and finally select the model that is best suited to all stakeholders. A 10-year study done by the Canada Health Info way about who should be consulted during adoption of an EHR system looked at 29 key stakeholders involved in establishing policy (Rozenblum et al., 2001). They found that stakeholders should be consulted from a bottom-up, clinical needs approach first because they will be the heaviest users of the system. This means physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, billers, lab workers, and pharmacy employees need to have significant input into selecting what aspects are most important. The number one reason for implementation failure is inadequate involvement of line-worker clinicians (Rozenblum et al., 2001). Therefore, the informatics team must work very closely with these stakeholders. Other critical stakeholders to consult are the finance department to ensure how much funding is available. Patients are also important stakeholders because no one wants their health information linked to a huge system that is insecure and prone to hacking confidential medical records. Policy makers at the executive organizational and governmental level also have powerful sway over which EHR is chosen. Lack of  collaboration among these diverse groups can delay implementation of the system for decades. Appropriate needs assessment provides relevant feedback to upper management. This helps these higher-ups make wise decisions based on financial resources, training needs for staff, vendor choice, and whether or not EHR is even necessary (Hartzler et al, 2013). Upper management is also provided with the ability to analyze which employees should have access to the system (or what parts of the system) to complete their designated tasks. Gaps between â€Å"wants† and â€Å"needs† can also be identified so that valuable resources are analyzed in cost-benefit analysis. Training needs or additional hiring of employees can also be anticipated to prevent glitches in the system due to human error. EHR systems can increase profit margins and protect patients from human error if assessed closely prior to purchase and implementation. References Ginsberg, D. (n.d.). Successful preparation and implementation of an electronic health records system. Best Practices: A guide for improving the efficiency and quality of your practice. Retrieved December 26, 2014 at https://www.cmanet.org/files/pdf/ehr/best-practices-7.pdf. Hartzler, A. et al. (2013). Stakeholder engagement: A key component of integrating genomic information into electronic health records. Genetics in Medicine, 15, 792-801. Rozenblum, R. (2001). A qualitative study of Canada’s experience with the implementation of electronic health information technology. CMAJ, 183(5), E281-E288.

Analyzing the effectiveness and drawbacks of current Land

Most of the prevailing laws or bills regarding land acquisition, resettlement, compensation, ululation seem inadequate and sources of lot of discordance. This research proposal seeks to analyze the impact of such acts and the reasons of protest and agitations by the affected people. It also aims to find out alternative solutions for such critical issues. In this research study the stakeholders are identified along with their stakes and various literature are analyzed to suggest a methodology for further research and to propose a common ground for amicable discussion and understanding of individual interests.Keywords Land acquisition, rehabilitation, resettlement, consent, compensation, voluntary acquisition, eminent domain, replacement value, public purpose, land valuation, market pricing 4 page Problem Description The 2011 Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , though well- intentioned, was seriously flawed. It attached an arbitrary mark-up to the historical mar ket price to determine compensation amounts.This will guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources. The Bill also place d unnecessary & strict conditions on land acquisition, like restrictions on the use of multi-cropped land and insistence on public purpose, all of which would hinder the pace of development thou promoting the interests of farmers. Many such flaws are tried to be addressed in ?The right to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 20131.While the process of industrialization is facing many problems that en De to be solved, the problem of land for industry and urban development is the most critical one. The fact is that people depend on land not only as title holders but also as landless laborers and share croppers, for natural resources and cultural inputs, for preservation of artisans and age old technologies, for community and family congregation. Often land is taken away without adequate co mpensation or without adequate opportunities for affected people to grow and resettle with dignity.This is inhuman and leads to all kind of contentious issues that have surfaced within the people move into cities, a trend that cannot be stopped, there has to be proper town planning and proper growth of our urban centre?a process that will increase the importance of land. 5 Page Problem Structuring Definitional Issues The experts felt that the bill does not clearly define what constitutes ‘rural' and ‘ urban' areas. This omission is bound to lead to litigation. It is essential to plug this loophole. The law still does not define or elaborate ?public purposes and again gives the State a free hand on this.Without defining the term ?urgency it makes special provisions for compensation if land is acquired under the ?urgency† provision. Also terms like ?eminent domain] (vests sovereign ownership of all land and natural resources embodied in the state, felicitating compul sory takings), ?replacement value], ?willing/unwilling seller] are ambiguous. Consent Consent' to sell?both in government and private and public-partnership projects APP)?is among the most contentious issues in land acquisition. What percentage of landowners consent is required?Should it be required from all land users (e. G. Those dependent on land like agricultural workers, wage laborers, artisans and landless peasants) or only from the land losers? Compensation The current scheme of compensation that the bill has laid down is two times the market price for urban areas and four times the market price for rural areas. These figures were arrived at without any rationale, from a ?top down approach. Affected people have no say on any aspect of the transaction?whether they want to give up he land or what would be a fair price.Institutional Support To understand the position of stakeholders and their needs in order to device a fair solutions, a three-tier institutional structure was moo ted: one for suggesting proposals, one for dialogue and another for decision-making. First one would include think-tanks or academic research organizations which use data, analyses it and make recommendations. Second one would bring 6 Page stakeholders together to deliberate on their respective positions. Finally, the last institution would be given the authority, constitutionally or organizationally, to take final decisions.Transparency would facilitate better evaluation, selection and determination of the market price for land as well as sharing of incremental gain from land development with affected people. Process efficiency implies clarity in legislation which would result in less litigation and realistic deadlines for all parties involved. On viability, there is a need to reach a common ground between the acquirer's right to profit and compensation rights. The experts held that companies acquiring land for public- private partnerships should be given limited control rights. St akeholder map Farmers / Residents Politicians MediaShare croppers Fisherman/ boatman Agricultural laborers Land acquisition for industrial/ developmental/ mining projects Tribal Environmental activists Industrialists Local population Citizens Government 71 page Specific stakeholder and Stake identification Stakeholders Farmers, Residents Stakes Lose the most, as they gives away their land, and don't get future benefits; farmers lose their basic earning activity With not enough land on their own, they need others' land for cultivation Termed as unskilled labor, their livelihood is at stake with decreased agricultural land, more so as they are mainly landless laborsTheir whole livelihood and culture exist around the region they live, as they are mostly dependent on the natural resources; more ever they normally do not have title to land, thus losing out all the benefits Without land, they can't build new plant, also without mining they have to depend upon foreign industrialists Respon sible for both growth & development with restrained inflation and preservation of environmental balance, ecology & citizens' rights Face maximum brunt of degraded environment, inflation, land scarcity Local population/ Directly impacted by industrial waste and effluence, restricted movement wrought land, absence of grazing ground/water body, increased land price Environment Worried with increased industrial waste & pollution and adverse effect on activist nature & biodiversity due to mass land acquisition for mining/industry Main source of information dissipation since internal and local information is seldom spread by industry or Gobo. Cross the county A major influence in creating public opinion on this issue, plus their vote banks can be determined by how they handle such cases 8 | Page Displaced people BOOT graph Pollution Amount Land price Industrial growth Biodiversity Job for agricultural labor Time Literature review Maturities Ghats and Apparatchiks Gosh, in an article (Octo ber, 2011) have analyzed the land laws and current situations and in their opinion the use of market price for voluntary transactions as a proxy for owners' value in forced acquisitions is measured by experts but rather a subjective quantity – it is whatever the owner deems it to be. They proposed an alternative approach allowing farmers to determine their land price, chose compensation in either cash or land and reallocate the remaining land in most efficient manner. It involves a land auction covering not only the project site but also the surrounding agricultural land.The advantages they put forward is that it is less coercive, it gives strong incentive to bid truthfully, it allows farmers to incorporate their own estimates of future land price inflation into their bids, thereby minimizing the chance of losing out compared to the neighborhood farmers. It also provides an option to leave the land remain as agricultural one incase acquisition effort fails. 9 | Page Vanish Ku mar in his June, 2011 article in PEP, has highlighted the violence in land acquisition by the government and UP government policy on this matter. According to him all episodes of agitation and demands are politicized and farmers find homeless entrapped in a situation where leaders encourage and support their agitations but do very little to tackle the problems. He considered State's role as a ?venture capitalist].He cited the UP policy as best among existing in the country. It introduced a process of negotiations in Greater Oneida with the local farmers leading to signing of a deed. The new policy makes land acquisition more profitable for the farmer defining the State as a mere facilitator. He provided scope for improvement, especially as small farmers and agricultural laborers have very little to gain in this hole procedure, but mentioned the fact that political parties have no intention to make consensus effort on this issue. Ashcan Inhaling and Edit Was (August, 2011)) mentioned the fact that often land-titles are unclear and identifying parties eligible for compensation is rendered difficult.All across the world, the state is gifted with the power to acquire land for public purpose by providing compensation to the landholders. This power directly vested in the constitution (in US, Australia and China) or, is specified in enacted legislation (in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore). However the terms like _ public repose' are ambiguous. Countries like France, Japan, China, Mexico and India explicitly enumerate situations and projects under which land can be acquired or appropriated by the state for public use, whereas Malaysia, Brazil, US, UK and Singapore provide a more generic definition. Also the valuation and acquisition methods differ across the nations. In valuation, net income from land, original use, market value all such aspects are taken into consideration.Countries like Philippines where legal systems are not robust, land market is not well develo ped, or active reliable information in unavailable, 101 page ?replacement value (amount it would cost to replace the asset with a similar asset) technique. It is not easy to discern a set of international best practices with respect frameworks and philosophies laid down in the statutes should be treated as guidelines, incorporating flexibility into the land acquisition processes. Also they mentioned about the delaying in payment of the solarium to affected parties, which leads to dissatisfaction and consequent protests. They proposed negotiation in valuation, compensation, partnering, pool together (land pooling though farmers) many such methods.They cited the Pun example where 123 farmers pooled gather 400 acres of farmland along with a private limited company to build Magistrate city. Here the farmers continue to own the land, own shares in the company and collect dividends on these shares as well as rents from the tenants in the city (Magma, 2008). In an Editorial ? , Economic & Political Weekly] (PEP, August, 2011), the editor cited farmer agitation and state atrocities regarding land acquisition in Maharajah's. Farmers here had given land for Pun-Iambi express highway and similar projects in past, but they have grown steadily distrustful of the government's intentions due to unfulfilled promises.The state government's mishandling of the Naval farmers' agitation and the subsequent police firing causing death of three farmers was exceptionally inept. In Naval, they fear that they will no longer get water from the Pain dam which irrigates their land. Greater the fear about water meant for agriculture being diverted to industry or urban areas is also root-cause of their protests against the Sophia power project in Martial, which requires large amount of water from the Upper Ward dam. Going by the past record of most governments, people have a reason to be distrustful. Voluntarily surrender land for rejects provide no tangible benefits to them. A credible alte rnative to protect their livelihood and a proper compensation plan must be at place. 1 Page Augusta Marti (December, 2010) attempted to solve a key economic problem regarding land acquisition deals using some mathematical models incorporating the logic of an ?annuity or a ?royalty]. It has to do with the claim of the landowner over the future value of land once it is sold and put to alternative use. It also addressed to the adaptation of the so-called â€Å"Harlan† model that relies on predetermined annual payments to the farmers. His argument is that the government will tax a portion of the increased value from the buyer and redistribute it to the landowner acting as a legal taxing authority and not as a negotiator. In this case though the seller will forfeit his property right to the buyer, but will have a rightful claim on the capital gain tax.He also proposed to make this _claim paper' as traceable in market. He suggested for using a part of the taxation infrastructure at the central level for evaluating capital-gains on land and creating accounts exclusively for this purpose taking the buyer, the seller, the government and the option trader into confederacy to ensure that funds raised do not go towards other kinds of fiscal replenishments. Also one can track the transactions between the seller and the option trader. This option as a traceable instrument can satisfy the poor farmers without binding the buyers of land. Stowage Karakas (October, 2011) has seen the market exchange process acting as the main domain of mediating social relationships.He deciphered three interrelated problems with this political/policy position: absence of market for a particular land, non-availability of quantitative standard or reference to measure against Just and fair imposition, consent is not always a natural will as it has political significance beyond liberalism. According to him state must stay away from creating political condition to receive individual consent, rather it should accept the limitations of law and policy in resolving certain contentious issues, and remain open to contingency, by conferring priority to the democratic values of disagreement, dissent and 121 page plurality of modes of existence, only then it will learn to withdraw from prior commitment to any particular rationality and ideology. Ram Sings (May, 2012) has focused on laws that govern the acquisition and transfer f agricultural land for other purposes.He cited the history of eminent domain in India as unmitigated abuses of the law, which remains archaic and ambiguous. Also the callous approach taken by land acquisition collectors (LAG) to determine compensation is a point of discordant. In current situation lot of institutional hurdles like change-in-land-use (CLUB) clearance from the state government, other regulatory clearances from local authorities are there that thwart voluntary transactions. He argued that this is the reason the project developers are better- off bribing the powers that get them to acquire the needed land. He also mentioned poor land records and high transaction cost of individual land transfer.He suggested collective bargaining with the owners or their representatives, cost of compensation be paid by the entity benefiting from the acquisition, initial compensation itself should be determined in light of all of the relevant information, such as type of land, its future value, records of the sale deeds etc. He also argued for the reduction of compulsory acquisition. Colic Gonzales (August, 2010) has indicated the states' prerogative in becoming an estate agent of the companies for acquiring land for them. He analyzed land acts and the outcomes in chronological phases. According to him the Judiciary appears to have misread the mood in the country, providing _ public interest' the widest possible scope. Instead of mass protest, superior Judiciary remained unmoved, stuck to their notions of development unresponsive to the di stress of farmers, tenants and agricultural laborers.According to him, the way forward for Judiciary is to hold that irrespective of the contribution by government, all acquisitions for companies must follow Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act (ALA), which is 131 page acquisition for a company. This is understandable since State governments have come under total corporate control that their first priority is to spend large sums of state funds to assist corporations in the acquisition of lands using the Act. Cantata Lair-Duty, Radii Krishna, Ensnare Mad (February, 2012) in an article in owned companies for resource extraction in Shorthand and sighted that cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws are inadequate to protect the interests of the poor.Granting of mining blocks to private companies for ?captive] coal mining has thoroughly neglected the rights of the tribal. The state equates coal with national placement, energy security and hence strategic sovereignty to avoid the mora l quandary. By virtue of Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act (CUBA), coal mining generally supersedes the community rights. Thus states change to ?broker states from the old developmental state. Coercion by both company representatives and state agencies is a characteristic of land acquisition in Shorthand. Apart from changes in land-use pattern and the creation of wastelands, mining causes large number of physical and occupational displacement, a fact that state seldom document correctly or address.Environment impact assessment (EIA) remains a toothless safeguard, not documenting possible impacts on local water availability nor assessing the ground-level impact of air pollution on surrounding communities and vegetation. The procedure never takes into account the tribal history, identity and livelihood entwined with the land. It has pushed many tribes into the verge of extinction. According to the authors, only a convoluted logic can equate coal mining by private co mpanies with public purpose or national interest. They asked for a new mineral extractive paradigm, one that does not inflict deep mounds on nature and people. They also asked for the consultation with gram Kasbah and consent of tribal communities for any mining project, 141 Page with the view of optimizing the level of royalties and consequent benefits to impacted communities.OSHA Rampant (November, 2011) has observed that by beginning with the premise that acquisition is inevitable and priority for industrialization, arbitration and infrastructure development, the LARK Bill 2011 has neglected the interest of the land losers. She raised question about state's legitimacy in facilitating the land rangers the way it does. She questions state's relationship with the land, whether it is a landlord, an owner, a trustee, a holder of land, a manager or what? She argued for the _affected families' who are dependent on forests or water bodies and which includes gatherers of forest produce, h unters, fisheries and boatmen and (those whose) livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land. Infant families who got land under any government scheme are also included.She also cited the effect of diluting ‘The Forest Rights Act 2006†² which helps in land acquisition through change of public repose -where acquisition is based on one purpose but it is used for another purpose. Another bill, _ The Land Titling Bill 2011' shifts the onus of keeping the records updated, even loss of acknowledgement of title to the land or interest in the land from the state to the individual. According to the author this bill is an attempt at communications of land, making it traceable in the land market. Michael Levine (March, 2011) has highlighted the controversies over Sees and large private mining projects in eastern India. According to him, the proposed amendments to the Land

The Purpose Is What Has Endured essays

The Purpose Is What Has Endured essays Today weve had a national tragedy. President George W. Bush spoke these words after a horrendous attack on America. As we watched bombs fly into steel and then explode, we waited to hear the advice and comfort our President would give to us. One hundred thirty-seven years ago, President Abraham Lincoln experienced a similar national tragedy for a duration of four years. Lincolns second inaugural address had to provide the United States of America with similar advice and comfort near the end of a civil war. After four years of this gory civil war, Lincoln was re-elected for the presidency of the United States. When he wrote his speech, Lincoln must have though about the past four years. The southern states had formed the Confederate States of America; a civil war had begun, and the nation had erupted in turmoil. He knew that the North wanted a harsh punishment for the southern states, but he also knew that this was one reason why the South did not like the North. As Lincolns pen starts to form the words, With malice toward none; with charity for all;...let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nations wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, his desire is to heal a broken land. Though he had signed Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln knew that, the issues at hand could not be solved by either emancipation or armistice (203). Lincoln had to change the hearts of his people, and as William H. Seward told the president, Be sure that while all your administrative conduct will be in harmony with Republican principals and policy, you cannot lose the Republican party by practicing in your advent to office the magnanimity of a victor. (75) He had to unify the country in one speech, and this was his only chance. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation su...

How to Use a Geoboard in Math

How to Use a Geoboard in Math A geoboard is a math manipulative used to support early geometric, measurement, and numeracy concepts. A geoboard is a square board with pegs to which students attach rubber bands. If geoboards arent handy, you can also use dot paper, although it doesnt make learning quite as enjoyable for the students. Geo-boards come in 5 by 5 pin arrays and in 10 by 10 pin arrays. Initially, a conversation needs to occur about the appropriate use of rubber bands when using geoboards. Those students who cant use rubber bands appropriately will use the dot paper instead. Once this is known, students tend to make good use of the geoboard rubber bands. Here are some questions for the 5th grade that has students representing figures while also developing concepts about measurement, specifically area. In order to determine if students have understanding, have them hold up their geo-boards each time theyve completed the question. 15 Questions for the Geo-board 1. Show a triangle that has an area of one square unit. 2. Show a triangle with an area of 3 square units. 3. Show a triangle with an area of 5 square units. 4. Show an equilateral triangle. 5. Show an isosceles triangle. 6. Show a scalene triangle. 7. Show a right triangle with an area of more than 2 square units. 8. Show 2 triangles that have the same shape but that are different sizes. What is the area of each? 9. Show a rectangle with a perimeter of 10 units. 10. Show the smallest square on your geoboard. 11. What is the largest square you can make on your geoboard? 12. Show a square with 5 square units. 13. Show a square with 10 square units. 14. Make a rectangle with an area of 6 and state what the perimeter is. 15. Make a hexagon and determine the perimeter. These questions can be modified to meet learners at various grades. When introducing the geoboard, begin with an exploring type of activity. As the comfort level increases when working with geoboards, it is useful to have students begin transferring their figures/shapes to dot paper. To extend some of the questions above, you can also include concepts like which figures are congruent, which figures have 1 or more lines of symmetry. Questions like this should be followed up with, How do you know? which requires students to explain their thinking. The geoboard is just one of many math manipulatives that can be used in math to support understanding of a concept. Math manipulatives help teach concepts in a concrete method which is preferred before attempting the symbolic format.

The CAtcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The CAtcher in the Rye - Essay Example Holden, as narrator, treats the events of the book as separate from the rest of his life, not feeling it worth getting into â€Å"all that David Copperfield kind of crap† (1). He is attempting to treat his life separate from his psychological condition; however, without intending to do so, he illustrates how very connected it really is. Without the brief bits of information we receive about his younger brother Allie, it would be difficult to understand the events of the book and Holden’s motivations. Through a psychological examination of Holden’s breakdown, we can see that many of the attitudes expressed by Holden and his irrational behavior can all be traced back to the death of his younger brother when he was thirteen. It is significant that the traumatic death of Holden’s brother Allie took place at thirteen. This is the age that is generally considered the be the end of childhood and the beginning of the teenager years. This is often a difficult time for people as they are beginning to experience sexuality and find that the world is not what they were led to believe when they were children. James Bryan states that Holden â€Å"is hypersensitive to the exploitations and insensitivity of the post-pubescent world and to the fragile innocence of children† (1065). He is forced to accept the unfairness of the adult world when Allie died, which he did not handle well by any means: â€Å"I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage† (38-39). Unable to handle his emotions, he acts out in a destructive manner, which becomes a pattern for him for the rest of the book. His brother Allie for him represented inno cence and the way people should act: â€Å"He was always the nicest, in a lot of ways. He never got mad at anybody† (38). Allie’s death represented the adult

SWOT Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

SWOT Analysis - Research Paper Example Australia consists of six states; New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania and 2 territories; the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Its capital city is Canberra. Even though Australia is the smallest continent in the world, it is the sixth largest country in the world. The population is concentrated mainly on the eastern and southeastern coastal areas. The geography of Australia is extremely diverse including snowy mountains, deserts, tropical and temperate forests etc. This paper analyses the population, culture, economy, political, legal, and technological environment, strength, weakness opportunities, and threats of Australia. Aborigines, who migrated to Australia from South Asia around 40000 years before are believed to be the first inhabitants of Australia. Europeans started to settle in Australia during the latter part of eighteenth century. Before that indigenous Australians, were the inhabitants in Australia . Eastern half of Australia was claimed by Britain during the latter part of 18 th century and Britain implemented colonial rule in Australia for a longer period. The major culture in Australia is essentially a Western culture since the Europeans established their colonies there. English is the predominant language in Australia. Even though Britain ruled Australia for a longer period, the Australian English vocabulary, accent, and pronunciations are slightly different from that of the British English. â€Å"In most practical ways, Australia is an egalitarian society. This does not mean that everyone is the same or that everybody has equal wealth or property† (About Australia). Unlike many other countries in the world, class distinctions are invisible in Australia. People respect each other irrespective of the wealth, power or social influence. â€Å"Australia is the thirteenth largest economy in the world. As of 2009, Australia GDP was estimated to be $920 billion.   Austr alia has managed an impressive 18 years of continuous growth since 1992 - see Australia GDP  Growth†(Australia Economy). Unlike many other nations in the world, Australian economy kept its growth phase even when the recent recession struck other countries. Revenues from natural resources, tourism, agriculture, industries etc keep Australian economy in the growth track. Australia is a parliamentary democratic country which respects human rights, freedom, liberty, etc of the people very much. Two party political system, is prevailing in Australia even though in many other democratic countries multiparty political system prevail. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia consists of two chambers: The Australian House of Representatives and The Australian Senate. The Australian House of Representatives has 150 members whereas Australian Senate has 76 members, each elected for a three-year term of office from a constituency. The Australian legal system is based on a fundame ntal belief in the rule of  law, justice and the independence of the judiciary. All people—Australians and non-Australians alike—are treated equally before the law and safeguards exist to ensure that people are not treated arbitrarily or unfairly by governments or officials. Principles such as procedural fairness, judicial precedent and the separation of powers are fundamental to